Journal Review - FACILITATING THE ADOPTION OF E-PAYMENT SYSTEMS: THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

This is the result of my group discussion of research journal in management information system, this journal is about e payment system.

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JOURNAL REVIEW

“FACILITATING THE ADOPTION OF E-PAYMENT SYSTEMS: THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS”

Sevgi O ¨ zkan

Middle East Technical University,Ankara,Turkey,

Gayani Bindusara and Ray Hackney

Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK

To fulfill Management Information System assignment

Compiled By :

Arina Nurjanah C1L012022

Fatima Zakiya Razani C1L012045

Nur Dina Safitri C1L012046

FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY

2014

v Research Background

Nowadays online transaction is growing in the world, lot of companies selling their products through online transaction to the customer, but there are some important limitation in doing the transaction, it was the payment transaction from customers. We called this payment of online transaction as e-payment. With the growth of e-commerce then transfering money has become an important issue for potential customer, These e-payments systems can be classified commonly as direct online credit/debit payments, mediated credit/debit payments, stored-value money and electronic bill payments (Fazlollahi, 2002: Bitpipe, 2006).

Traditional e-payment systems are noted to have many limitations which inhibit consumers from adopting them. Based on the previous research it said that some of factors that limiting e-payment are relates to lack of trust, security, usability, high transaction costs, lack of perceived advantage and perceived risk. Whereas this factor which is limiation for e-payment are important to provide in payment system with confidence so the customer will switch online payment system. If those factors are not served to the customer then customer will stopping their online activities and can make company lose their potential customer from online sales (Abrazhevich,2004).

Now the major concern regarding e-payment is a security. The main concern of this insecurities is a phenomenon of credit card fraud. Perceived risk is another important factor that affects customer confidence in e-payments. The risk of losing personal information and credit card details going to the hands of hackers are still a major anxiety for users. Trust in e-commerce transactions is another important element for online applications (Abrazhevich, 2004). Perceived advantage is also the other factors that need to be concern in sucessing the e-payment system. An important advantage of e-payments that contributes towards PU and PEOU is the convenience they provide by allowing transactions to be completed with minimal time and money (Leong et al., 2003). In addition usability factor allows consumers access to user-friendly systems with ease of navigation.

Actually to solve this problem especially the security, privacy and trust issues, there is a major emphasis using a web assurance seals, but this web assurance sales are not popular and consumers do not incorporate them into their purchasing decisions, even generally customer usually misunderstood this as eliciting product quality. Because of this phenomenon then the writer decided to the research to identify the critical factors influencing the adoption of an e-payment system, which are considered through both theoretical constructs and empirical analysis.

v Research Question

1. Is there any relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and perceived risk ?

2. Is there any relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and security ?

3. Is there any relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and perceived advantage ?

4. Is there any relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and perceived trust ?

5. Is there any relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and web assurance seals ?

6. Is there any relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and usability ?

v Puprose of Research

The emergence of online transactions, enabled through internet media, has led to an increase in the availability of electronic payment (e-payment) systems. This research aims to investigate, through theoretical constructs (technology acceptance model, theory of reasoned action) and an empirical analysis, the critical factors that may ensure consumer adoption of these facilities (e-payment).

v Benefits of Research

The benefits from this research is a contribution for the further adoption of e-payment facilities and indeed the design of general e-commerce systems.

v Theory of Research (Theoretical constructs)

1. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

The technology acceptance model (TAM) was derived from the theory of reasoned action (TRA; Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975), where TRA illustrates behavioural theories while TAM is more “information systems” specific.

TAM identifies and predicts user acceptance attributes before they actually experience it. Davis (1989) assumed that user acceptance of technology depends on perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU). PU is thus defined as “user’s opinion that after using a system it will increase a user’s job performance within an organisation”, and PEOU is defined as “the expectation that the software is free of effort” (Davis, 1989). TAM is said to be a good predictor of the intention to use a software package; however, it is not enough to predict user attitudes towards EPS. One of the main reasons for this is that EPS deals with money exchange and not productivity as illustrated in TAM. However the key factors of this model – PU and PEOU – were considered to be influential in the capacity of providing perceived advantage to the user’s to influence them to switch to online payments.

2. Theory Of Reasoned Action (TRA)

The theory of reasoned action (TRA) model is reported to be more appropriate to explain the adoption of e-payment systems. It is thus defined as “a person’s behaviour is determined by his/her intention to perform the behaviour and his/her subjective norms (i.e. social influence)” (Davis, 1989). According to TRA, user behaviour whether to accept/reject is determined by the influence by a person’s attitudes and subjective norms. Attitude towards the behaviour is defined as the person’s positive/negative feeling about performing a behaviour. It is determined by one’s beliefs regarding the consequences arising from a behaviour and an evaluation of the desirability of these consequences.

The best predictor of behaviour is said to be intention. It is assumed to capture motivation factors that contribute towards behaviour (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975; cited in Abrazhevich, 2004). Since TRA can be applied to more situations than TAM it was perceived to be more useful. Unlike TAM, TRA takes social influences, i.e. share subjective norms, and understands various factors surrounding the usage of EPS.

Moreover, since EPS are accustomed for personal usage, factors like reputation can be highly important to the end user and influence’s their attitudes. In addition PE and PEOU were considered to be as two key factors contributing towards the acceptance of e-payments. User belief and attitude towards privacy, security, and risk will also affect attitudes towards the adoption of e-payments.

Relation with research :

E-payments are understood to be an important element that contributed towards the success of e-commerce transactions. However, the literature also reveals that novel e-payments have not been successful in totally taking over traditional payments due to their flaws. Therefore, traditional payments are still reported to be the norm. In order to overcome these concerns, e-payment designers should pay attention to the critical factors, which consumer’s perceive as important to be included in such transactions. Such factors are noted as security, perceived risk, and trust, and perceived advantage, usage of web assurance seals and usability of the websites. In order to portray user attitudes towards adoption TAM and TRA, models were also illustrated.

v Concept of Research

1. Commerce and online payment systems

E-commerce provides the opportunity to buy and sell products, information and services on the internet. In addition, e-payments play an important role and the lack of an effective system could hinder the success of overall e-commerce development (Goldfinger and Perrin, 2001; Mehta and Sivadas, 1995; Khosrow-Pour, 2008). The exponential growth of the internet has triggered the need for novel e-payment systems which are more appropriate for the web rather than traditional payment systems (Panurach, 1996). One of the major problems is micro-payments, which were resolved by the introduction of e-cash systems like “Digicash”, “Millicent” and “PayBox”, etc. Apart from e-cash systems, a variety of other payments have evolved like pre-paid cards, payments via phone bills, smart cards and mobile payments. According to Heng (2004), out of 50 different cyber payments the majority have failed to gain acceptance and traditional payments are still widely used by customers. Most online transactions are thus conducted via credit/debit cards while other payments are rarely used and have failed to gain acceptance. Consequently, the future of e-payment systems is hampered by many problems, most commonly noted as the lack of being “fit-for-purpose” as the reason why growth is inhibited (Abrazhevich, 2004).

2. Critical factors

The extent to which online businesses can build trust significantly influences the willingness of concern to make e-payment purchases (MacInnes, 2005). Security increases customers’ beliefs towards trustworthiness and privacy increase attitude towards the internet. All these attitudes influence consumers to make internet purchases more viable and frequent (Tsiakis and Sthephanides, 2005) Another study demonstrated consumers perceive information security and trust in e-commerce has a significant impact on the intention to purchase online (Abrazhevich, 2004).

The critical factors discussed when formulating the hypotheses will influence the level of adoption to different extents. Therefore, consumers’ attitudes towards e-payments will impact upon the decision to use such systems.

v Reference ( Previous Research)

1. It is agreed that online sales are not as safe as conventional sales; people are suspicious since there is no human factor involved in the sale and it is done in a virtual setting (Whiteley, 2000).

2. In a previous study by Szymanski and Hise (2000), usability factors like site design (searching capabilities and site organisation) were strong indicators of satisfaction.

3. However, there are many other factors cited as being important in the past literature – a Delphi survey, for example, pointed out nearly over 20 characteristics of e-payments (Khosrow and Herman, 2001).

4. Another study found that usability indicates the quality of websites (Agarwal and Venkatesh, 2002). Similarly it was found that website design leads to ease of use and thus to the usability of the system.

5. This proposition supports the existing literature. In a set of studies it was found that the most common reason for refusal to buy online was lack of security in the payment method (Pousttchi, 2003).

6. Additional literature suggests that security will have an impact on the level of trust, and without trust online transactions will cease to exist (Pousttchi, 2003) Therefore, one could argue that security can have an influence on other critical factors.

7. This finding was backed by the survey conducted by Abrazhevich (2004), who found that customers will not use systems which they perceive to be less trustworthy.

8. Demographic variables can have an impact on e-payments according to the past literature (Banerjee et al., 2005

9. Similarly it was found that perceived risk plays an important role in the continuous use of e-payments (Lu et al., 2005).

10. The findings of another study revealed that perceived risk remains one of the most important elements in the intention to adopt e-payments but it does not have a direct link (Lu et al., 2005).

11. However, there are such systems that require almost no change in users’ behaviour, i.e. there is no enrolment decision except to use online features for Gorod (an e-government online payment system) (McHenry and Borisov, 2005).

12. In a similar study conducted on online grocery shopping, it was found that those who find this practice risky do not have a negative attitude towards online payments (Kurnia and Benjamin, 2007).

13. The existing literature recognises the security concerns of users and the effect they have on the adoption of electronic payment systems (Kurnia and Benjamin, 2007).

14. The existing literature points out that high level of user confidence and trust in EPS is a contributing factor for the successful adoption of e-payment systems (Kurnia and Benjamin, 2007).

15. Nikitkov and Bay (2008) found that lack of physical presence will increase the perceived risk of customers and it could be reduced by increasing website trust using web assurance seals.

v Theoritical construct and Formulating Hypotheses

A. Theoritical Construct

1. Commerce And Online Payment Systems

2. Critical Factors

3. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

4. Theory Of Reasoned Action (TRA)

B. Formulating Hypotheses

a. Perceived Risk (H1)

H0 : The intention to adopt an e-payment system has no relationship with perceived risk.

H1 : There is a relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and perceived risk.

b. Security (H2)

H0 : The intention to adopt an e-payment system has no relationship with security.

H2 : There is a relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and security.

c. Perceived Advantage (H3)

H0 : The intention to adopt an e-payment system has no relationship with perceived advantage.

H3 : There is a relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and perceived advantage.

d. Trust (H4)

H0 : The intention to adopt an e-payment system has no relationship with trust.

H4 : There is a relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and trust.

e. Web assurance seals (H5)

H0 : The intention to adopt an e-payment system has no relationship with web assurance seals.

H5a : There is a relationship between the intention to adopt an e-payment system and web assurance seals.

H5b. There is a relationship between perceived risk and web assurance seals.

f. Usability (H6)

H0 : The intention to adopt an e-payment system has no relationship with usability.

H6 : There is a relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and usability.

v Design Research / Study

This research using a deductive approach to consider secondary source and primer data, where hypotheses have been developed in order to demonstrate the findings. An initial literature review revealed six issues that are considered critical for e-payment considerations.

This study is a quantitative research, because there are any hyphotheses and to doing this research, researcher using hypotheses testing.

Research Model

v Definition and Variable Measurement

1. Perceived Risk

Bauer (1960) reported that perceived risk relates to uncertainty and consequences associated with a consumer’s action. The level of risk is said to diminish when individuals trust others who are involved in the transactions (Featherman and Pavlov, 2003). Kim and Prabhakar (2000) ignore the link between perceived risks and trust.

However, Jarvenpaa et al. (2000) report that risk mediates the role between willingness and trust to purchase online. Further research conducted on the impact of perceived risk on consumer decision-making in using online transaction activities revealed that customers are less motivated to adopt new payment methods when they perceive that the risk of adopting them is greater than old ways of payment (Jarvenpaa et al., 2000). As a result of disclosing personal information customers could face an economic risk and a privacy risk. If a customer chooses to pay online he will face the risk of fraud/theft, hacking, password stealing. Hence the decision whether to pay online/not is influences by perceived risk.

2. Security

Security may be defined as protecting the details of transactions and customers from internal and external fraud/criminal usage. People may fear to transact and pay online, fearing that their personnel information might be stolen. Security remains one of the most crucial and well researched areas of study in payment systems (Abrazhevich, 2004). Concerns about security in the network area reveal that there need to be further improvements in the electronic payment protocol to enhance trust in online payment systems. Due to the increase in bank mergers and acquisitions, customers are sceptical about the security of online payments (Abrazhevich, 2004). It is agreed that online sales are not as safe as conventional sales; people are suspicious since there is no human factor involved in the sale and it is done in a virtual setting (Whiteley, 2000). The existing literature recognises the security concerns of users and the effect they have on the adoption of electronic payment systems (Kurnia and Benjamin, 2007).

3. Perceived Advantage

The technology acceptance model (TAM) has been used to understand technology acceptance behaviour and to decide the adoption decisions of various e-commerce activities (Abrazhevich, 2004; Khalifa and Ning Shen, 2008). Many customers are said to be inquisitive about the use of credit cards in an online payment system. Therefore, financial transactions systems have been developed to overcome this. Moreover, these systems have encouraged customers to perform streamlined transactions. Personalised services transactions can be performed within a click of a mouse and the need to duplicate form filling has diminished (Riggins and Rhee, 1998). Convenience of usage in adopting EPS occurs when customers can pay their bills online at any time, anywhere, regardless of location. In the conventional method a consumer has to wait until the bill is posted; hence, this would motivate them to adopt an e-payment system. Adopting such a system would be cost-effective as it would reduce the need of the customer to do paperwork and post bills.

4. Trust

Trust is the consumer’s confidence that their money and personal information will not used against their personnel interest. Even if we use an imperfect system, consumers want to believe that vendors, banks and credit card companies will not misuse their personal information (Abrazhevich, 2004). The other aspect is that customers should trust the payment system adopted by the other user. The existing literature points out that high level of user confidence and trust in EPS is a contributing factor for the successful adoption of e-payment systems (Kurnia and Benjamin, 2007). In analyzing the success of the Octopus system it was found that trust in the system was the contributing factor for its wide usage. This finding was backed by the survey conducted by Abrazhevich (2004), who found that customers will not use systems which they perceive to be less trustworthy. Similarly, another study proved that if trustworthiness is there, adoption of EPS is credible (Kniberg, 2002). The higher the levels of consumer trust, the higher the degree of purchase intentions of consumers, and the easier it is to retain consumers.

5. Web Assurance Seals

Web assurance seals are important mainly for high perceivers of outcome risk, as low perceivers do not pay much attention to them (Roselius, 1971). Third party assurance seals play an important role in reducing the perceived risk involved with the purchase (Dowling and Staelin, 1994). To reduce customers’ concerns over privacy and security a variety of web assurance seals have been developed.

It is argued that the need for seals of approval is greater in e-commerce than in traditional brick and mortar environments. This is due to some payment features like the need to give personal information (e.g. name, phone number) and payment information like credit/debit card numbers (Miyazaki and Fernandez, 2001). It is said that other remote purchases like telephone and mail-order shopping face relatively higher consumer risk and with e-commerce the situation will aggravate. Hoffman et al. (1999) have argued one of the ways to reduce consumers’ perceived risk is to use seals of approval from trusted third parties. It is also used as a co- branding strategy where vendors use these seals to convince the customers that a certain level of standard is met and it is safe to provide personal information. Nikitkov and Bay (2008) found that lack of physical presence will increase the perceived risk of customers and it could be reduced by increasing website trust using web assurance seals. However the rate of awareness and adoption of such logos are limited.

6. Usability

It should not be a sophisticated. complex task to pay online and it could be done in a user-friendly manner. This requirement can be shown by ease of use. If the payment process takes a lot of time and is complicated it would de-motivate the customer and he/she will refrain from using other web activities as well. Amazon has adopted a one-click approach for payments to reduce effort on the part of customers in the authentication process. If customers perceive more convenience through searching online for information they will most probably switch to search for information online (Gao, 2005; Truong and Jitpaiboon, 2008).

Variable measurement :

This research study using a multiple regression analysis to measure their variable.

Intention to purchase was the dependent variable, and the independent variables were perceived risk, trust, perceived advantage, and using web assurance seals.

v Population, Sample and Sampling

Ø Population

This method allows the collection of a large amount of data from a sizable population in an economical manner (Saunders et al., 2007).

Ø Sample

The sample of this research is 200 sample,but the response rate was 77.5 per cent (155 out of 200), this sample was taken based on the criteria, there are age, gender and educational level.

Ø Sampling

This research using a random quota sampling method. The defining characteristic of a quota sample is that the researcher deliberately sets the proportions of levels or strata within the sample. This is generally done to insure the inclusion of a particular segment of the population. The proportions may or may not differ dramatically from the actual proportion in the population. The researcher sets a quota, independent of population characteristics.

v Source and Data Collection Method

The source of this data are primary and secondary data, the primary data was taken using a survey method and the secondary data are taken using theoritical / literatur e analysis.

A survey can be defined as a way to collect data from a range of respondents needed to capture facts, opinion and attitudes. It mainly consists of three components:

(1) structured interviews;

(2) observations; and

(3) questionnaires.

This method allows the collection of a large amount of data from a sizable population in an economical manner (Saunders et al., 2007). For the current research a survey method was chosen, since it is economical and allows the researcher to gather data from a larger sample. In addition, there is ample literature on this subject area.

An anonymous and self-administered survey based on the research model was developed. The survey was web-based and the researchers reached the respondents viae-mail. Web-based surveys are said to have become a taken-for-granted part of business and domestic living patterns and hence have become very popular. These types of surveys are attractive for many reasons.

The questionnaire consisted of 23 closed-ended questions categorised into three sections. The first section solicited eight closed-ended questions which mainly tried to determine customers’ experience of using e-payment systems and their awareness and likelihood of using such systems. In the second part, there were 12 five-point Likert scale type questions measuring the main constructs of the study – i.e. perceived risk, perceived advantage, trust, security, use of web assurance seals and usability. The final section had three questions regarding basic demographics like the age, gender and educational background of respondents.

v Research Instrument

Research instrument for this material are quistioner, structured interview and observation.

v Data Quality Test

This data on the research are tested using multiple regression and validation also reliability test.

v Data Analyzing Technique

A total of 155 questionnaires were coded and analysed using SPSS to analyse the hypotheses. The analysis consists of four parts:

(1) demographic variable frequencies;

(2) analysis of usage of e-payments;

(3) critical factor analysis; and

(4) testing of hypotheses.

Frequencies are drawn to identify the demographic distribution of e-payments systems usage.

1. E-payment systems usage experience

The data revealed that 79.87 per cent of the respondents were e-payment users. However, 20.13 per cent of them had not transacted online before. The data also shows that e-payments are popular among people. According to the data 33.9 per cent of all users have used the internet to carry out online shopping and online banking. Online shopping and online banking were rated as the most popular activities to transact online. As shown in Table II, of all the respondents 66.7 per cent had not encounteredwith any problems with regard to e-payment systems. However 13.5 per cent of respondents had faced problems, of which 12.2 per cent of had faced serious problems paying online, like loss of information and unauthorised transactions. The majority of respondents – about 51.2 per cent – have felt that e-payment systems are user-friendly and complicated. Moreover, 24.4 per cent of respondents have perceived them to have caused delays in processing actual transactions. It can be understood that these reasons could have triggered some users to refrain from paying online. However, there could be more reasons, which are analysed in the following section as critical factors.

2. Critical factors and online payments experience

Previous statistics showed that 66.7 per cent of respondents have not experienced any problem of using e-payments. This trend has affected the intention to purchase online again as shown 57.1 per cent of the total respondents would definitely purchase online again and 31.1 per cent would probably opt to use e-payments again. A small percentage opt not to pay online again, of whom 7.1 per cent would never pay online again, 2.4 per cent would probably not and the same percentage of people were in doubt over whether to use e-payments again Respondents were asked to rate which critical factors they perceived to be most important. Most of them – some 57.48 per cent – rated security as the most important factor. Trust (11.02 per cent) was perceived to be the next most important factor.

Respondents also rated usability (9.45 per cent) as the third most important issue, and 7.87 per cent perceived all factors to be important. Using web assurance seals was perceived to be the least important critical factor among of all. The attitudes of the respondents towards using e-payment systems were also tested. Most of them disagreed that the risk of using online payments was low for them. In addition they did not perceive revealing personal information online as less risky. The security of using online payments was considered important and they also agreed the would stop using e-payment systems if they breached security. Respondents disagreed with using e-payments even if they were protected using web assurance seals. They felt neutral about the perceived advantages e-payments provide, which are the ability to learn how to use them quickly and the ability to save time and money. Most respondents disagreed with the fact that e-payment systems are complicated and they felt neutral towards the ease of use and user friendliness of e-payment systems.

v Results

The research proved that the perceived importance of the critical factors was correlated through security, trust, perceived advantage, assurance seals, perceived risk and usability. The results demonstrate that three of the critical factors were necessary (security, advantage, web assurance seals) and three were relatively sufficient (perceived risk, trust and usability) through customer intentions to adopt an e-payment system.

1. H1 : There is a relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and perceived risk.

The results proved that the risk of credit card fraud in online transactions has no influence on the intention to adopt an e-payment system. Therefore, the hypothesis is rejected.

2. H2 : There is a relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and security.

Results proved that there is a positive correlation between the risk of credit card fraud and the intention to adopt an e-payment system, and therefore the hypothesis is accepted.

3. H3 : There is a relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and perceived advantage.

Results proves that there is a relationship between the intention to adopt an e-payment system and the perceived advantage of the system. However, it is a negative relationship.

4. H4 : There is a relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and trust.

Results means that there is no relationship between the intention to adopt an e-payment system and perceived trust. Therefore, since the significance is more than 0.05, this hypothesis is rejected.

5. H5a : There is a relationship between the intention to adopt an e-payment system and web assurance seals.

There is a positive strong linear correlation between the intention to adopt an e-payment system and using web assurance seals. Therefore, one can conclude that using web assurance seals will have an effect on the intention to pay online and it is positively related.

H5b. There is a relationship between perceived risk and web assurance seals.

Results proves there is a positive linear correlation between using web assurance seals and the risk of credit card fraud for online transactions and the willingness to give out personal information when transacting online. It also proves a positive correlation between the statement “I will pay online if the payment method is assured using web assurance seals” and the risk of credit card fraud and giving personal information in online transactions.

6. H6 : There is a relationship between intention to adopt an e-payment system and usability.

Results proves that there is a negative relationship between usability and intention to adopt an e-payment system. Since it is at a significant level of 0.000 (p , 0:05) the hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis is rejected.

v Implication

The results of this study can be use for both theoritical and practice in adopting the e-payment system.

v Resesarch Limitation

The limitation of this research are :

1. The current research has selected only a set of critical factors as being important.

2. the survey was conducted online, and hence it was not possible to obtain detailed feedback of the participants’ attitudes towards e-payments.

3. Another limitation of this study is that the respondents were voluntary users of e-payment systems, and as such, change in their behaviour may be expected.

4. The research was just focused on students of various levels of education. In addition it was collected from mostly university students.

5. Ignore the impact of demographic variable in e-payments.

6. Past studies indicate that e-payments consist of many types yet the research considered e-payment as a whole, due to the low response rate about novel payment systems achieved in the pilot study.

v Sugesstion for further research

1. Future research could consider more critical factors using a questionnaire method.

2. For such e-payment systems a different set of critical factors needs to be developed.

3. Future research could include a survey of various other social backgrounds.

4. Future work could incorporate demographic variables as part of its analysis

5. Future studies could research why novel e-payment systems still lag behind other means of payment.

6. Statistical the analysis could be usefully considered further through the lens of an established theoretical model such as TAM (Davis, 1989) to enhance the explanatory power of the derived constructs.

v Theses Titles :

1. Arina Nurjanah

The Influence Of Customer Trust In E-Payment System Analysis for Internet Banking.

2. Fatima Zakiya Razani

Analyzing The Effect Of Perceived Risk ,Security,Perceived Advantage,Trust, Web Assurance Seals, And Usability In Adoption Of E-Payment System With Intention To Adopt As Intervening Variable.

3. Nur Dina Safitri

The Theoritical Effect Of The Construction On The E-Payment System.